NCERT Solutions Class 10 Science Chapter 6 Control and Coordination

Mastering the concepts in NCERT Solutions Class 10 Science Chapter 6 Control and Coordination is essential for scoring top marks in the CBSE Class 10 Science board examinations. This chapter explores the biological mechanisms through which multicellular organisms detect environmental stimuli, process neural information, and execute precise physical and chemical responses. From the structure of a neuron and the reflex arc to human brain functions, phytohormones, and the endocrine system, this guide provides complete, step-by-step solutions to every in-text and chapter-end exercise in accordance with the latest rationalized NCERT syllabus and CBSE marking schemes.

Chapter Overview: Control and Coordination in Animals and Plants

Living organisms must coordinate various body systems to maintain homeostasis and react effectively to external changes. In complex animals, this coordination is achieved via two interconnected systems: the Nervous System (rapid, electrical signalling) and the Endocrine System (sustained, chemical signalling). Plants, lacking a nervous system and specialized muscle tissue, rely solely on chemical coordination through phytohormones and turgor pressure changes.

In the CBSE Class 10 Science board examination, Chapter 6 (Control and Coordination) carries a significant weightage of 6 to 8 marks under the "World of Living" unit. Key high-yield topics include:

• Nervous System in Animals: Structure of a multipolar neuron, generation and transmission of electrical nerve impulses, synaptic transmission, and the reflex arc pathway.
• Human Brain Anatomy: Structure and functional compartmentalization of the Forebrain (Cerebrum), Midbrain, and Hindbrain (Cerebellum, Pons, Medulla Oblongata).
• Coordination in Plants: Distinction between directional growth movements (tropic movements: phototropism, geotropism, hydrotropism, chemotropism, thigmotropism) and non-directional nastic movements (e.g., thigmonasty in Mimosa pudica).
• Phytohormones: Synthesis sites and physiological functions of Auxins, Gibberellins, Cytokinins, and Abscisic Acid (ABA).
• Animal Hormones and Endocrine Glands: Target organs, physiological roles, and deficiency disorders associated with Pituitary hormones, Thyroxine, Insulin, Adrenaline, Testosterone, and Estrogen, along with hormonal feedback mechanisms.

NCERT In-Text Questions and Step-by-Step Solutions

In-Text Questions (Set 1: Human Nervous System and Reflexes)

Q1. What is the difference between a reflex action and walking?

Answer:

Parameter	Reflex Action	Walking
Nature of Action	Involuntary, sudden, unconscious, and automatic response to a stimulus.	Voluntary, conscious, and learned motor activity.
Control Center	Mediated primarily by the Spinal Cord (reflex arc), bypassing conscious brain control.	Controlled and coordinated by the Forebrain (Cerebrum) and Hindbrain (Cerebellum).
Speed of Response	Extremely rapid and protective to prevent bodily harm.	Relatively slower as it involves conscious decision-making and continuous feedback.
Involvement of Will	Operates without prior thinking or voluntary control (e.g., withdrawing hand on touching a hot object).	Initiated, executed, and stopped according to an individual's will.

Q2. What happens at the synapse between two neurons?

Answer:

1. A synapse is a microscopic junction or gap separating the terminal axon branches of a pre-synaptic neuron from the dendrites or cell body of a post-synaptic neuron.
2. When an electrical nerve impulse reaches the axon terminal (terminal buttons), it stimulates the synaptic vesicles to release chemical messenger molecules called neurotransmitters (such as acetylcholine) into the synaptic cleft.
3. These neurotransmitter molecules diffuse across the fluid-filled synaptic gap and bind to specific receptor sites on the dendrite of the adjacent post-synaptic neuron.
4. This chemical binding generates a new electrical impulse in the next neuron, thereby ensuring the unidirectional transmission of neural signals throughout the nervous system.

Q3. Which part of the brain maintains posture and equilibrium of the body?

Answer:

The Cerebellum, which is a major component of the Hindbrain, is responsible for maintaining the posture, balance, and equilibrium of the body. It coordinates voluntary motor activities, fine-tunes muscle contractions, and ensures precision during activities such as walking in a straight line, riding a bicycle, or picking up a needle.

Q4. How do we detect the smell of an agarbatti (incense stick)?

Answer:

1. When an incense stick burns, its volatile odor particles disperse into the air and enter the nasal cavity during inhalation.
2. These molecules dissolve in the nasal mucus layer and stimulate specialized olfactory receptors situated in the upper lining of the nasal epithelium.
3. The olfactory receptors convert the chemical stimulus into an electrical signal (nerve impulse).
4. This impulse is transmitted via the olfactory nerve to the temporal lobe of the Forebrain (Cerebrum).
5. The sensory area of the forebrain interprets and identifies the smell by cross-referencing it with previously stored olfactory memories.

Q5. What is the role of the brain in reflex action?

Answer:

In a standard spinal reflex action, the brain plays no direct role in executing the immediate motor response. The reflex arc is completed at the level of the spinal cord to ensure maximum speed and prevent tissue damage. However, the sensory neuron in the reflex arc also branches off to send an impulse up the spinal cord to the sensory regions of the brain. The brain receives, processes, and registers this sensory information consciously (e.g., perceiving pain after the hand has already been pulled away from a hot pan) and records it in memory to modify future behavior.

In-Text Questions (Set 2: Plant Movements and Phytohormones)

Q1. What are plant hormones?

Answer:

Plant hormones (or phytohormones) are naturally occurring, specialized chemical compounds synthesized in minute quantities in specific parts of a plant (such as root or shoot apices). They diffuse to target tissues where they regulate, coordinate, and integrate physiological processes including cellular division, cell enlargement, stem and root elongation, tropisms, dormancy, flowering, fruit ripening, and leaf senescence.

Q2. How is the movement of leaves of the sensitive plant different from the movement of a shoot towards light?

Answer:

Feature	Movement in Sensitive Plant (Mimosa pudica)	Movement of Shoot Towards Light (Phototropism)
Type of Movement	Nastic movement (Thigmonasty); non-directional and independent of stimulus direction.	Tropic movement (Positive Phototropism); directional and dependent on the direction of the light stimulus.
Growth Dependence	Non-growth dependent; reversible physical movement.	Growth dependent; irreversible developmental movement caused by cell elongation.
Underlying Mechanism	Caused by rapid changes in turgor pressure within the pulvini cells at the base of the petioles due to water loss.	Mediated by the differential accumulation of the hormone Auxin on the shaded side of the shoot, stimulating unequal cell elongation.
Speed of Response	Very rapid and immediately visible (takes seconds).	Slow and progressive (takes days or weeks).

Q3. Give an example of a plant hormone that promotes growth.

Answer:

Auxin is a primary plant growth promoter. Other major growth-promoting phytohormones include Gibberellins (which promote stem elongation and seed germination) and Cytokinins (which promote active cell division and delay leaf senescence).

Q4. How do auxins promote the growth of a tendril around a support?

Answer:

1. Tendrils of climbing plants (like peas and bitter gourd) are sensitive to touch (thigmotropism).
2. When a growing tendril comes into physical contact with an external support, the contact stimulus triggers the diffusion of auxin away from the side touching the support towards the side facing away from the support (the non-contact side).
3. A higher concentration of auxin stimulates rapid cellular elongation on the outer, non-contact side of the tendril compared to the contact side.
4. This unequal growth rate causes the tendril to curve and coil tightly around the object, anchoring the plant and facilitating upward climbing.

Q5. Design an experiment to demonstrate hydrotropism.

Answer:

Objective: To demonstrate that plant roots exhibit positive hydrotropism (growing towards a source of water).

Procedure:

1. Take an elongated glass trough or shallow wooden tray and fill it evenly with dry soil or sawdust.
2. Sow a few germinating pea or bean seeds near one corner of the trough (Point A).
3. Place an unglazed porous clay pot filled with water at the opposite corner of the trough (Point B). Keep the pot filled with water so that moisture slowly seeps into the surrounding soil, creating a steady moisture gradient.
4. Allow the seeds to grow undisturbed for 4 to 6 days in a controlled environment.
5. Carefully excavate the soil to observe the orientation of the root growth.

Observation: The radicles (primary roots) initially emerge downwards due to positive geotropism. However, as they grow, they bend sideways and grow directly towards the moist zone surrounding the porous water pot.

Conclusion: Plant roots display positive hydrotropism, bending towards moisture even when it overrides the downward pull of gravity.

In-Text Questions (Set 3: Hormones in Animals)

Q1. How does chemical coordination take place in animals?

Answer:

Chemical coordination in animals is mediated by the endocrine system, which comprises ductless endocrine glands (such as the pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, adrenals, and gonads). These glands synthesize and secrete biochemical messengers called hormones directly into the bloodstream. Blood carries these hormones throughout the body to act upon specific target cells or organs possessing specialized complementary receptors. Upon binding to target receptors, hormones initiate physiological changes, metabolic alterations, and homeostatic regulation.

Q2. Why is the use of iodised salt advisable?

Answer:

Iodine is a mandatory micronutrient required by the thyroid gland for the synthesis of the hormone Thyroxine. Thyroxine regulates carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism in the human body, providing an optimal metabolic balance for physical and mental development. If dietary intake of iodine is deficient, thyroxine production drops, leading to an enlargement of the thyroid gland in the neck region—a pathological condition known as Simple Goitre. Consuming iodised table salt ensures adequate daily iodine intake and prevents goitre and associated metabolic disorders.

Q3. How does our body respond when adrenaline is secreted into the blood?

Answer:

Adrenaline (epinephrine), secreted by the adrenal medulla during stress, fear, or emergency situations, prepares the body for the "Fight or Flight" response through the following coordinated physiological changes:

• Increased Heart Rate: The heart beats faster, pumping a greater volume of oxygenated blood to skeletal muscles.
• Diversion of Blood Flow: Small arteries around the digestive tract and skin constrict, redirecting blood supply preferentially to skeletal muscles.
• Elevated Breathing Rate: The diaphragm and rib muscles contract rapidly, and bronchioles dilate, increasing oxygen intake in the lungs.
• Increased Blood Glucose: The liver breaks down stored glycogen into glucose, releasing it into the bloodstream to provide instant cellular energy (ATP).

Q4. Why are some patients of diabetes treated by giving injections of insulin?

Answer:

Insulin is a peptide hormone secreted by the β-cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas. Its primary physiological function is to regulate blood sugar levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose into body cells and converting excess glucose into stored glycogen in the liver and skeletal muscles. In diabetic individuals, insulin is either produced in insufficient amounts or target cells fail to respond to it. As a result, blood glucose levels rise dangerously high (hyperglycemia), leading to metabolic and renal complications. Administering therapeutic insulin injections restores normal blood glucose homeostasis.

NCERT Chapter-End Exercise Solutions

Q1. Which of the following is a plant hormone?

(a) Insulin
(b) Thyroxin
(c) Oestrogen
(d) Cytokinin

Answer: (d) Cytokinin
Explanation: Insulin, thyroxin, and oestrogen are animal hormones secreted by the pancreas, thyroid gland, and ovaries respectively. Cytokinin is a phytohormone responsible for promoting active cell division in plants.

Q2. The gap between two neurons is called a:

(a) dendrite
(b) synapse
(c) axon
(d) impulse

Answer: (b) synapse
Explanation: A synapse is the functional microscopic gap between the terminal axon branch of one neuron and the dendrite of the subsequent neuron.

Q3. The brain is responsible for:

(a) thinking
(b) regulating the heart beat
(c) balancing the body
(d) all of the above

Answer: (d) all of the above
Explanation: The cerebrum executes thinking and intelligence, the medulla oblongata regulates autonomic involuntary functions like heartbeat, and the cerebellum coordinates motor control and body balance.

Q4. What is the function of receptors in our body? Think of situations where receptors do not work properly. What problems are likely to arise?

Answer:

Functions of Receptors:

1. Receptors are specialized groups of sensory cells located in sense organs (eyes, ears, skin, nose, tongue) that detect specific environmental stimuli (light, sound, heat/pressure, smell, taste).
2. They convert physical or chemical environmental stimuli into electrical signals (nerve impulses) and relay them along sensory neurons to the Central Nervous System (Brain and Spinal Cord) for processing.

Consequences of Malfunctioning Receptors:

• Failure of Thermoreceptors (Skin): If skin receptors fail to detect extreme heat, a person would not reflexively pull their hand away from a burning object, causing severe tissue burns.
• Failure of Gustatory or Olfactory Receptors: A person would be unable to detect spoiled, contaminated, or poisonous food by taste or smell, increasing the risk of fatal food poisoning.
• Failure of Photoreceptors (Retina): Partial or complete loss of vision, impaired color discrimination, and inability to navigate surroundings safely.

Q5. Draw the structure of a neuron and explain its function.

Answer:

A neuron (nerve cell) is the fundamental structural and functional unit of the nervous system. It consists of three primary morphological regions:

• 1. Dendrites: Fine, branched protoplasmic extensions projecting from the cyton. They detect external stimuli and receive incoming chemical signals from adjacent neurons, converting them into electrical impulses.
• 2. Cell Body (Cyton or Soma): Contains a central nucleus, abundant cytoplasm, and metabolic organelles. It integrates incoming signals from dendrites and initiates an action potential.
• 3. Axon: A long, cylindrical cytoplasmic fiber wrapped in an insulating myelin sheath. It conducts the electrical nerve impulse away from the cyton to the axon terminals.
• 4. Nerve Endings (Axon Terminals): Swollen terminal buttons containing synaptic vesicles loaded with neurotransmitters, enabling chemical transmission across the synapse.

Pathway of Nerve Impulse within a Neuron:

Stimulus → Dendrite → Cell Body (Cyton) → Axon → Axon Terminal → Synapse (Neurotransmitter release) → Next Dendrite

Q6. How does phototropism occur in plants?

Answer:

1. Phototropism is the directional growth movement of plant organs in response to an external unilateral light stimulus. Shoots exhibit positive phototropism (growing towards light), while roots exhibit negative phototropism (growing away from light).
2. When directional sunlight strikes one side of a growing shoot tip, the growth-promoting hormone auxin (synthesized at the shoot apex) diffuses towards the shaded side of the stem.
3. Consequently, the concentration of auxin becomes significantly higher on the side receiving less light.
4. The elevated auxin concentration on the shaded side stimulates greater cell elongation compared to the cells on the illuminated side.
5. This differential growth rate causes the shoot stem to curve and bend progressively towards the light source.

Q7. Which signals will get disrupted in case of a spinal cord injury?

Answer:

The spinal cord serves as the main transmission highway connecting the brain to the peripheral nervous system and houses reflex integration centers. An injury to the spinal cord disrupts:

• Spinal Reflex Actions: Immediate autonomic reflex arcs below the level of the injury (such as the knee-jerk reflex or immediate withdrawal from noxious stimuli) will be abolished.
• Sensory Signals to Brain: Ascending sensory nerve pathways transmitting sensations of touch, pain, temperature, pressure, and proprioception from body regions below the lesion to the cerebrum will fail to reach the brain.
• Voluntary Motor Commands: Descending motor nerve tracts carrying conscious instructions from the brain to skeletal muscles will be blocked, causing partial or complete paralysis (paraplegia/quadriplegia).
• Involuntary Autonomic Control: Neural regulation of pelvic organs (such as urinary bladder emptying and bowel control) mediated by spinal pathways will be severely compromised.

Q8. How does chemical coordination occur in plants?

Answer:

Chemical coordination in plants is conducted through specialized organic compounds known as phytohormones. Because plants lack nervous tissue, coordination relies on the synthesis, diffusion, and receptor-binding of these chemical agents:

1. Phytohormones are produced in microscopic concentrations at dynamic growth regions (such as shoot tips, root apices, young leaves, and seeds).
2. From their synthesis sites, they move via simple diffusion, xylem, or phloem transport to target tissues.
3. The major classes of phytohormones and their coordinating roles are:
   • Auxins: Promote apical dominance, cell elongation, and phototropic/geotropic curvatures.
   • Gibberellins: Stimulate internodal stem elongation, break seed dormancy, and induce flowering.
   • Cytokinins: Stimulate rapid cell division in actively growing zones (fruits, seeds) and delay senescence.
   • Abscisic Acid (ABA): Acts as a growth inhibitor, induces stomatal closure during water stress, and triggers leaf fall (abscission).

Q9. What is the need for a system of control and coordination in an organism?

Answer:

1. Integration of Multi-Organ Systems: In multicellular organisms, diverse organ systems (digestive, respiratory, circulatory, excretory) must operate in harmony. Control systems ensure that an increase in one physiological activity is matched by supportive systems (e.g., during physical exercise, heart rate and breathing rate increase together to meet muscular oxygen demand).
2. Response to Environmental Stimuli: Living beings must detect and rapidly respond to environmental hazards, food sources, and mating cues to ensure survival.
3. Maintenance of Homeostasis: Control systems regulate the internal chemical and physical environment (such as blood glucose concentration, body temperature, and osmolarity) within narrow physiological limits.
4. Regulated Growth and Development: Coordinated hormone signaling directs orderly embryonic development, sexual maturation, tissue repair, and seasonal adaptations.

Q10. How are involuntary actions and reflex actions different from each other?

Answer:

Characteristic	Involuntary Action	Reflex Action
Definition	Continuous or automatic physiological processes occurring without conscious intervention.	Sudden, rapid, involuntary protective response to a specific external sensory stimulus.
Controlling Center	Controlled primarily by the Midbrain and Hindbrain (Medulla Oblongata).	Coordinated primarily by the Spinal Cord (spinal reflex arc).
Stimulus Requirement	Does not require a sudden external environmental trigger; operates continuously.	Always initiated in direct response to an acute external sensory stimulus.
Effector Organs	Acts mostly on internal smooth muscles, cardiac muscle, and glandular tissue.	Acts largely on skeletal muscles (striated muscles).
Examples	Peristalsis in the alimentary canal, beating of the heart, regulation of blood pressure.	Blinking of eyes when an object approaches, sudden withdrawal of foot when stepping on a nail.

Q11. Compare and contrast nervous and hormonal mechanisms for control and coordination in animals.

Answer:

Feature	Nervous Mechanism	Hormonal (Endocrine) Mechanism
Signalling Medium	Transmitted as electrical nerve impulses and localized chemical neurotransmitters across synapses.	Transmitted as specialized chemical hormones transported via the bloodstream.
Speed of Transmission	Extremely fast (milliseconds).	Relatively slow (seconds to hours) as hormones circulate and bind to receptors.
Duration of Effect	Short-lived and transient; terminates as soon as the impulse stops.	Long-lasting and persistent physiological effects.
Target Specificity	Highly localized and specific to cells connected directly by nerve fibers.	Widespread; reaches all tissues, but acts only on cells bearing matching receptors.
Scope in Body	Cannot reach every individual cell (only innervated tissues).	Reaches virtually all living cells through the vascular system.

Q12. What is the difference between the manner in which movement takes place in a sensitive plant and the movement in our legs?

Answer:

Parameter	Movement in Sensitive Plant (Mimosa pudica)	Movement in Human Legs
Nature of Tissues Involved	Occurs in non-contractile parenchymatous cells (pulvinus). Plants lack specialized muscle tissue.	Occurs in specialized skeletal muscle fibers attached to bones.
Cellular Mechanism	Driven by the movement of water into or out of cells, causing changes in turgor pressure and cell swelling/shrinkage.	Driven by the sliding interaction of specialized contractile proteins (actin and myosin) causing muscle contraction and relaxation.
Signalling System	Chemical and electro-chemical waves diffuse through plant cells without dedicated nerve pathways.	Conducted rapidly by somatic motor nerves originating from the Central Nervous System.
Nature of Control	Involuntary and purely mechanical response to touch.	Voluntary and under conscious cerebral control.

Important Concepts, Pathways, and Summary Tables

1. Functional Divisions of the Human Brain

The human brain is protected by the bony cranium (skull) and enclosed in three protective fluid-filled layers called meninges containing Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF), which acts as a shock absorber.

Brain Region	Components	Primary Physiological Functions
Forebrain (Prosencephalon)	Cerebrum	Main thinking part of the brain; controls consciousness, memory, reasoning, speech, sensation interpretation, and voluntary actions.
	Diencephalon (Hypothalamus)	Regulates body temperature, hunger, thirst, sleep-wake cycle, and controls the pituitary gland.
Midbrain (Mesencephalon)	Tectum & Tegmentum	Coordinates auditory and visual reflex movements of the head, neck, and trunk.
Hindbrain (Rhombencephalon)	Cerebellum	Coordinates voluntary motor activities, maintains posture, muscle tone, and dynamic body equilibrium.
	Medulla Oblongata	Controls vital autonomic involuntary centers: heartbeat, blood pressure, respiration, swallowing, vomiting, and coughing.
	Pons	Relays signals between cerebrum and cerebellum; assists in the regulation of the respiratory rhythm.

2. Major Endocrine Glands and Hormones in Humans

Endocrine Gland	Hormone Secreted	Target Organ / Major Functions	Associated Deficiency / Excess Disorders
Pituitary Gland ("Master Gland")	Growth Hormone (GH)	Regulates overall somatic growth, bone elongation, and development of all tissues.	Deficiency in childhood causes Dwarfism; excess secretion causes Gigantism.
Thyroid Gland	Thyroxine (T4)	Regulates basic metabolic rate (BMR), carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism.	Iodine deficiency causes Goitre; childhood deficiency causes Cretinism.
Pancreas (Islets of Langerhans)	Insulin & Glucagon	Insulin decreases blood glucose; Glucagon increases blood glucose by glycogenolysis.	Insulin deficiency causes Diabetes Mellitus (hyperglycemia).
Adrenal Glands (Adrenal Medulla)	Adrenaline (Epinephrine)	Mediates "fight or flight" responses; increases cardiac output, blood pressure, and respiratory ventilation.	Impaired acute stress adaptation.
Testes (Males)	Testosterone	Directs male primary and secondary sexual characteristics, voice deepening, and spermatogenesis.	Impaired secondary sexual maturation and infertility.
Ovaries (Females)	Estrogen & Progesterone	Directs female secondary sexual characteristics, menstrual cycle regulation, and maintenance of pregnancy.	Menstrual irregularities and reproductive dysfunction.

3. Negative Feedback Mechanism: Regulation of Blood Glucose

The secretion of hormones is precisely regulated by feedback mechanisms. For example, when blood glucose levels fluctuate:

1. Stimulus: High blood glucose level following a meal is detected by the β-cells of the pancreas.
2. Response: β-cells respond by secreting more insulin into the bloodstream.
3. Action: Insulin stimulates liver and muscle cells to absorb glucose from the blood and convert it into glycogen.
4. Feedback: As blood glucose falls back to normal physiological levels (homeostatic setpoint), the trigger ceases, and β-cells reduce insulin secretion (Negative Feedback).

Common Mistakes and Tips for CBSE Class 10 Science

• Mistake 1: Confusing Reflex Action with Involuntary Action.
  Correction: All reflex actions are involuntary, but not all involuntary actions are reflexes. Involuntary actions like peristalsis or heartbeat are continuous and regulated by the medulla/hindbrain without an emergency external trigger, whereas a reflex action is an immediate protective spinal response to an acute external sensory stimulus.
• Mistake 2: Stating that Electrical Impulses Can Travel in Both Directions Across a Synapse.
  Correction: Synaptic transmission is strictly unidirectional. Neurotransmitter vesicles are present exclusively in the axon terminals of the pre-synaptic neuron, and receptor proteins are located exclusively on the post-synaptic dendrites.
• Mistake 3: Confusing Tropic Movements with Nastic Movements.
  Correction: Tropic movements (e.g., phototropism, geotropism) are directional, irreversible, and growth-dependent. Nastic movements (e.g., folding of Mimosa pudica leaves) are non-directional, reversible, and depend on turgor pressure changes, not cellular growth.
• Mistake 4: Omitting the Distinction Between Cerebrum and Cerebellum.
  Correction: Remember that the Cerebrum (Forebrain) handles conscious thought, memory, and voluntary decisions, whereas the Cerebellum (Hindbrain) handles balance, posture, and motor coordination.
• Mistake 5: Forgetting to Mention "Unidirectional Auxin Diffusion" in Phototropism Answers.
  Correction: Always state clearly that auxin migrates to the shaded side of the shoot apex, causing greater cell elongation on the shaded side compared to the lit side.

Board Exam Relevance and Question Types

CBSE Class 10 Science board papers frequently assess Chapter 6 using varied question formats:

• 1-Mark Objective & Assertion-Reason Questions: Identifying phytohormones, endocrine glands and their hormones, parts of the brain controlling specific actions (e.g., salivation, vomiting, walking in a straight line).
• 2-Mark Short Answer Questions: Differentiating between tropic and nastic movements, nervous and endocrine systems, or explaining the importance of iodised salt.
• 3-Mark Diagrammatic Questions: Drawing and labelling the structure of a neuron, tracing the reflex arc pathway (Receptor → Sensory Neuron → Relay Neuron in Spinal Cord → Motor Neuron → Effector Muscle), or illustrating phototropism.
• 5-Mark Long Answer / Case-Based Questions: Comprehensive questions integrating the endocrine system, the negative feedback control of insulin, and comparative analyses of plant vs. animal coordination mechanisms.

More NCERT Solutions and Practice

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